During this period, democratization is framed as emerging from schooling, civic virtue, and democratic theory, with education treated as the engine of political participation and democratic culture. Sociological analysis of oligarchic tendencies within party systems, political behavior, and group life across multiple national contexts illuminates how political power concentrates and shapes participation. Political economy becomes the foundation for public policy, governance, and international relations, while studies of war, sovereignty, borders, and geopolitics foreground statecraft and the international order; state-building cross-culturally expands comparative politics across cases like Argentina, France, and broader political society. Historical Significance: Influential works advance a materialist theory of the state as instrument of ruling-class domination and outline a pathway toward a post-revolutionary state withering away, fueling lasting debates on power and legitimacy. They reframe democracy as an experiential, inquiry-driven educational project linking schooling to civic participation, and articulate the iron law of oligarchy within modern parties, emphasizing leadership centralization and restricted participation. Finally, sovereignty studies push beyond formal constitutional structures, stimulating enduring concerns about authority, constitutional design, and the organization of political order.